Reason to Doubt

A Christian and an Atheist Discuss Substitutionary Atonement | Did Jesus Pay the Price for All Sin?

In this episode, Jared and Nick, from @RealityInsights engage in a stimulating conversation about the complex topic of substitutionary atonement. They explore its historical development, its place in Christian theology, and alternative theories of atonement.

Substitutionary atonement is a central doctrine of many Christian traditions, holding that Jesus Christ took on the punishment for humanity's sins, thereby reconciling humanity with God. But how do Christians and atheists approach this idea? What is the historical and theological basis for this belief, and how do alternative theories of atonement fit into the picture?

Jared and Nick bring their diverse perspectives and knowledge to bear on these questions, drawing on biblical texts and historical scholarship. They examine the key features of substitutionary atonement, such as the concepts of penalty, sacrifice, and propitiation, and consider how these have been interpreted and applied in different contexts.

Moreover, they explore alternative theories of atonement, such as Christus Victor, moral influence, and ransom theory, which offer different perspectives on the nature and effects of the cross and resurrection. They discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each theory, and consider how they relate to the broader theological frameworks of Christian thought and atheistic worldviews.

Whether you're a Christian seeking to deepen your understanding of your faith, or an atheist curious about the theological ideas that shape our culture, this conversation is sure to engage and challenge you. So join Jared and Nick as they navigate the complex terrain of substitutionary atonement and its alternatives, and discover new insights into the nature of salvation and redemption.

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Why do historians think Jesus was real? || ”Jesus: Mything in Action” Lit Review

The start of our book review of David Fitzgerald's book "Jesus: Mything in Action", which follows in the footsteps of Richard Carrier and others to argue that Jesus was never more than a myth. We start at the beginning of the book to answer David's first question: Why aren't more historians mythicists?

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Timestamps
0:00 - Intro
2:02 - What is mythicism?
3:45 - Episode outline
4:03 - Why aren't historians mythicists?
9:34 - Confessions of faith and biblical scholarship
13:58 - Religious institutions survey data
19:20 - Response from David on survey methodology
20:17 - How prevalent are religious schools really?
24:50 - Survey summary
27:00 - Persecution anecdotes
28:00 - Case 1: Mike Licona
32:00 - Case 6: Anthony Ledonne
35:00 - What David left out of the story
37:00 - What about the non-Christian scholars?
39:00 - Carrier's Canadian girlfriend
42:00 - Summary
46:50 - Fallacy of the Day
48:30 - Outro

#atheism #history #mythicism #jesus #bible

Battleship (2012) is Criminally Underrated || The Secret Subplot That Makes the Movie Awesome

Everything you think you know about Battleship (2012) is a LIE. By the overwhelming audience request of a single person, here is my rant on why Battleship is actually brilliant.

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Timestamps:
0:00 - Intro
0:50 - Thesis Statement
1:50 - Planet G
2:20 - "Communications Ship" = Command Vessel
3:20 - First Contact
5:30 - Boarding Actions
7:30 - "Attack" on Hawaii
9:30 - The REAL Story
11:30 - The Secret Subplot
12:50 - Message to Jon & Erich Hoeber
13:16 - Outro

UFOs, UAPs, and You | Aliens in the Sky?

In this video Jordan and Jared take a closer look into UFOs and UAPs. We briefly cover the history of UFOs and discuss the recent uptake of sightings of UAPs as well as breakdown a few of the more famous incidents.

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Podcast: reason2doubt.podbean.com

Sources and Citations
House Intelligence C3 Subcommittee hearing on UAPs (5/17/22) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSDweUbGBow

Gimbal Video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2TumprpOwHY

Mick West Breakdown of Gimbal https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qsEjV8DdSbs&t=173

Simulation Website - https://www.metabunk.org/gimbal/

Tic-Tac Video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWLZgnmRDs4

Mick West Breakdown of Tic-Tac - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1di0XIa9RQ
___________
Timestamps
0:00 - Introduction
3:28 - UFO History
7:52 - Past Government Investigations
9:20 - UAP New Name/New Perspective
10:47 - Why now?
12:48 - Recent Government Reports
15:06 - House Investigation Committee
15:30 - Flyby Incident
16:28 - Triangle Incident
17:02 - Gimbal Incident
22:08 - Tic-tac Incident
33:13 Summary/Wrap-up
38:08 - Fallacy of the Day

The One Question Christians Hate to Answer | Am I Going to Hell? | A Response to Greg Koukl

In this episode Jared and Jordan respond to Greg Koukl's video on the   @STRvideos    channel "The Question that Stops Christians in Their Tracks"
Are all non-believers going to hell!?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DOoUDpqtq-k

Timestamps
0:00 - Introduction
1:36 - The Question
3:31 - Makes Greg Look Bad
4:20 - Side Stepping The Question
5:29 - Interview with Deepak Chopra
8:20 - To Engage or Not to Engage
10:32 - First Question 
13:47 - Second Question 
15:19 - They know they are a sinner 
17:17 - Want a Pardon? 
18:18 - Atonement 
33:50 - Fallacy of the Day

Crop circles are REAL...LY made by humans | A Cautionary Tale

Let's look back into skeptic history: Crop circles! What did people think about them before they knew about hoaxing methods, and what lessons can we draw from that for other extraordinary claims today.

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Citations/Sources:
Interview with Meaden: https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12617230-900-airy-crop-circle-theory-faces-its-critics/

MUFON Article: https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/alien.ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1220.ufo

Richard Taylor's take on crop circles: https://physicsworld.com/a/coming-soon-to-a-field-near-you/

Reveal of Dave & Doug: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dYV_zpCXYtc
W. C. Levengood “Semi-Molten Meteroic iron Associated with a Crop Formation” published in the “Journal of Scientific Exploration”, 1995 
W. C. Levengood “Dispersion of energies in worldwide crop formations” published in "Physiologia Plantarum", 1999

Microwave Calculations
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1A3s18tqs4FFsZwkXPPBIF8MdEv6COkCIA9CxjjOmWyE/edit?usp=sharing

John Capron published in Nature, 1880:
"The storms about this part of Surrey have been lately local and violent, and the effects produced in some instances curious. Visiting a neighbour's farm on Wednesday evening (21st), we found a field of standing wheat considerably knocked about, not as an entirety, but in patches forming, as viewed from a distance, circular spots.

Examined more closely, these all presented much the same character, viz., a few standing stalks as a center, some prostrate stalks with their heads arranged pretty evenly in a direction forming a circle round the center, and outside these a circular wall of stalks which had not suffered,

I sent a sketch made on the spot, giving an idea of the most perfect of these patches. The soil is a sandy loam upon the greensand, and the crop is vigorous, with strong stems, and I could not trace locally any circumstances accounting for the peculiar forms of the patches in the field, nor indicating whether it was wind or rain, or both combined, which had caused them, beyond the general evidence everywhere of heavy rainfall. They were suggestive to me of some cyclonic wind action, and may perhaps have been noticed elsewhere by some of your readers."

Timestamps
0:00 - Intro
2:00 - Why crop circles?
2:50 - What is a crop circle
4:40 - Crop circle history
8:30 - Modern crop circles
10:30 - Scientific explanations
14:00 - Diagnostic characteristics of "genuine" circles
17:20 - The Big Reveal
21:00 - A Cautionary Tale
26:50 - Remaining crop circle theories
31:45 - Alternative explanations
35:40 - Microwave calculations
38:15 - Outstanding questions
40:45 - Summary
41:33 - Fallacy of the Day: Begging the Question
44:45 - Outro

Can you be a Christian if you don’t believe? | Interview with Randal Rauser

Jordan and Jared interview Dr. Randal Rauser (@Randal_Rauser ) about his new book "The Doubters' Creed: How to Be a Christian When You Don't Believe It's True." 

This video was delayed because of a bunch of technical issues, during which Randal was extremely gracious and patient in working with us. A practical example of loving your neighbor in action!

Check out Randal's book on Amazon: https://a.co/d/bj4QSvd
 or interact with him on Twitter at @RandalRauser

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YouTube: youtube.com/@ReasonToDoubt

Timestamps
0:00 - Intro
1:20 - Who is the book for?
3:00 - I believe; help my unbelief
8:30 - Agitation apologetics
15:55 - Naturalists
21:50 - Doxastic volunteerism
26:10 - Is this just Pascal's Wager?
31:30 - Why Christianity?
33:16 - How to answer Fundamentalists
38:40 - Spiritual atheism
41:00 - All you need is love!

The Shroud of Turin is NOT Authentic | Debunking the Shroud ep.3 (Art, Pollen, & Patterns)

In our last installment (for now), we're going to talk about art history, pollen, and other patterns with the Shroud of Turin, and why we think the Shroud is not the authentic burial cloth of Jesus.

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Citations
Raes, Gilbert, ‘The Textile Study of 1973-1974’, Shroud Spectrum International, Issue 38/39, 1991

Vial, Gabriel, ‘Shrouded in Mystery’, HALI (The International Magazine of Fine Carpets and Textiles), Issue 49, 1990

Boi, M. “POLLEN ON THE SHROUD OF TURIN: THE PROBABLE TRACE LEFT BY ANOINTING AND EMBALMING.” Archaeometry, 2016, doi: 10.1111/arcm.12269.

De Wesselow, Thomas. The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection. Penguin Group, 2012.

Monson, Tesla, et al. “Allometric Variation in Modern Humans and the Relationship Between Body Proportions and Elite Athletic Success.” Journal of Anthropology of Sport and Physical Education, 2018, DOI 10.26773/jaspe.180701.

Wilson, Ian. The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved. 2011.

Timestamps
0:00 - Intro Video
0:45 - Summary & setting expectations
3:50 - Pray Codex aka Hungarian Pray Codex
9:50 - Pray Codex - No thumbs
11:40 - Pray Codex - Jesus is naked
13:15 - Pray Codex - Weave pattern & burns
21:50 - Pray Codex - No beard
22:45 - Lack of peer reviewed data on the Shroud's history
26:00 - Images throughout history
29:10 - Ian Wilson's amazing theory
34:45 - Pollen on the Shroud
38:30 - Weave pattern on the Shroud
43:05 - Body proportions
49:50 - Is the Shroud of Turin authentic?
52:30 - What surprised us
54:00 - "Fallacy" of the Day: BS asymmetry principle

#shroudofturin #atheism #jesus #history #christianity

The Shroud of Turin Image is NOT Jesus | Debunking the Shroud ep.2 (Artists, Radiation, & Chemistry)

We go deep in the weeds on how the image on the Shroud of Turin could have been made. Artists, chemical reactions, and radiation (oh my)!

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YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@reasontodoubt

Joel Duff video on peer review: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZYM4D4IVG8

Citations

Baldacchini, Giuseppe, et al. “Coloring linens with excimer lasers to simulate the body image of the Turin Shroud.” APPLIED OPTICS, vol. 47, no. 9, 2008.

Fanti, G. “Hypotheses Regarding the Formation of the Body Image on the Turin Shroud. A Critical Compendium.” Journal of Imaging Science and Technology, vol. 55, no. 6, 2011, doi: 10.2352/J.ImagingSci.Technol.2011.55.6.060507

Fanti, G., et al. “Microscopic and Macroscopic Characteristics of the Shroud of Turin Image Superficiality.” Journal of Imaging Science and Technology, 2010, DOI: 10.2352/J.ImagingSci.Technol.2010.54.4.040201.

Fanti, Giulio, and Giuseppe Zagotto. “Blood reinforced by pigments in the reddish stains of the Turin Shroud.” Journal of Cultural Heritage, vol. 25, 2017, pp. 113-120, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2016.12.012.

Fazio, Giovanni, and Giuseppe Mandaglio. “COULD THE TURIN SHROUD BODY IMAGE FORMATION BE EXPLAINED BY MAILLARD REACTION?” Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, vol. 21, no. 1, 2021, pp. 177-181, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4394070.

Heller, J.H., and A.D. Adler. “A Chemical Investigation of the Shroud of Turin.” Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, vol. 14, no. 3, 1981, pp. 81-103, DOI: 10.1080/00085030.1981.10756882.

Ichikawa, Sadao. “Somatic Mutation Frequencies in Tradescantia Stamen Hairs Treated with Relatively Low Thermal Neutron Fluxes.” Radiation Research,, vol. 147, no. 1, 1997, pp. 109-114, doi:10.2307/3579449.

Jackson, J. P., et al. “Correlation of image intensity on the Turin Shroud with the 3D structure of a human body shape.” Applied Optics, vol. 23, no. 14, 1984, pp. 2244-2270.

Kearse, Kelly. “A revised, natural explanation for the shroud of turin image: creation of a composite Maillard reaction.” Historical Archaeology & Anthropological Sciences, 2020, DOI: 10.15406/jhaas.2020.05.00236.

McCrone, Walter. “The Shroud of Turin: Blood or Artist's Pigment?” Acc. Chem. Res., vol. 23, 1990, pp. 77-83. Newhauser, Wayne, and Rui Zhang. “The physics of proton therapy.” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 60, 2015, doi:10.1088/0031-9155/60/8/R155.

Rogers, Raymond, and Anna Arnoldi. “THE SHROUD OF TURIN: AN AMINO-CARBONYL REACTION (MAILLARD REACTION) MAY EXPLAIN THE IMAGE FORMATION.” MELANOIDINS IN FOOD AND HEALTH COST ACTION 919, vol. 4, 2003, pp. 106-114. “ROGERS’ MAILLARD REACTION HYPOTHESIS EXPLAINED IN DETAIL BY ROGERS HIMSELF.” 2012, https://shroudofturin.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/rogers-maillard-reaction-for-dan-blog-2.pdf. Accessed 1/1/2023.

Rouvillois, Gildas. “A Point Of Nuclear Physics About The Shroud Of Turin.” https://www.shroud.com/grouvil.htm. Rucker, Robert. “Solving the Carbon Dating Problem for the Shroud of Turin.” 2022.

Schwalbe, L. A., and R. N. Rogers. “Physics and Chemistry of the Shroud of Turin: A summary of the 1978 Investigation.” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 135, 1982, pp. 3-49.

Walsh, Bryan, and Larry Schwalbe. “An instructive inter-laboratory comparison: The 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, no. 29, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102015.

#jesus #shroudofturin #history #atheism

Morality Does NOT Prove God Exists || Response to Brian Holdsworth

Brian Holdsworth thinks that the existence of morality is incompatible with naturalism. In this episode, we're going to explore why we think he's wrong!

Brian's video: https://youtu.be/wVmKQ9pxuFU

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